In 1983, Lynn Kahle developed a scale for exploring internal and external values, highlighting the importance of interpersonal relationships, personal aspects such as self-esteem and personal accomplishment, and impersonal elements like pleasure, security, and excitement in shaping these values. This scale identifies nine values ​​that can be rated on scales ranging from nine to ten points or ranked according to their relative importance. The comparability of results from measurement tools like the LOV values ​​list across different cultures depends on how similarly the items are interpreted and evaluated, as well as the similarity of the cognitive processes underlying understanding and evaluation, as Suzanne Grunert, Klaus Grunert, and Kai Kristensen point out.